Human Computer Interaction Evaluation of Websites

Question: Compose a report about the assessment of data innovation in regard to the targets and adequacy, highlights and availability of the sites alongside the convenience standards in setting to Human Computer Interaction. Answer: Presentation: The accompanying report presents the differential assessment of two named sites 1: https://www.binglee.com.au and 2: https://www.kogan.com/au/in view of various parts of data framework in setting to various variables like UI plan of the site, its availability, landing page pretest, web illustrations, utilization of hues and so on. The goal of introducing the basic assessment of the two sites is whether the sites filling the need, precision, inclusion of the particular items and other comparable elements. Conversation: The selected sites, Binglee and Kogan both are electronic stores situated in Australia serves web based business administration. The associations are to a great extent into the exchanging of electronic apparatuses of various assortment as a web based shopping choice. For this reason both the associations have their own set and structure of sites which assists with pulling in clients and simpler approach to discover the items according to their necessity (Brown Gilchrist, 2016). Site of Binglee presents various tabs for its items as indicated by the assortment of the electronic apparatuses like PCs, cameras, home machines, little or medium size machines, wellness/wellbeing and so on. Just underneath these tabs it presents an advancing tab which reflects various proposals to pull in purchasers like items offering on limits, tie in courses of action of items or some other limited time special to take the customers consideration. The site additionally presents choice for indexes, store area (for customers in the event that they need to pick the items genuinely), other little or ordinary limited time offers followed by inclining or new propelled items alongside the alternatives for enrollment and sign in offices with the goal that the subtleties and data of the clients can be kept up in records (Cook, et al. 2015). Then again, site of Kogan presents its site for the items as per the division, which further isolates the apparatuses in various assortment, as indicated by brand of the machines. The site further follows a little tab introducing the limited time special as far as deals and rebate alternatives. The site also gives various tabs to the distinctive class of machines like LED TVs, Cellular telephones, home apparatuses as far as both brand and sorts of apparatuses. For any business sites there are sure significant and essential highlights that each undertaking needs to keep up so as to work its online business effectively (Hashim, 2015). Thus, the assessment concerning the key highlights for both the business sites, Binglee and Kogan are referenced underneath: Intelligent Roadmap: It is critical to introduce and keep up this component for any business sites since it presents the convenience for the clients separated from making it alluring and satisfying (Le Bourgeois, et al 2016). With the end goal of search positions in Google, it requires and considers the substance and structure of the site consequently it is an indispensable component. If there should be an occurrence of Binglee.com the structure of the site is as per the kinds of machines and advancements alongside other applicable data for the clients. While the site of Kogan.com presents the structure as indicated by the branch of machines and as per brand followed by limited time offers. Business Information: Second significant element is including the business data of the associations like store areas in type of headings and maps, contact subtleties, help focus, corporate administrative center area and so on. In the named site, Bingle.com the data of its store area is notice alongside the course and maps (Lee, Thomas Baskerville, 2015). While in the site of Kogan.com diverse data for contact is available alongside the administrative center area. Clear Navigation: This element is identified with the area headings and maps gave in the site. It implies that the guide is pointless in the event that it doesn't give a route office to the clients (Lioukas, Reuer Zollo, 2016). This office is available in both the sites named for the introduction of the report. Security: Security, one of the most critical highlights any site must have. It is significant for a business sites to protect its site with the important security testament as far as charge card subtleties of clients like Visa numbers, encryption subtleties and so on. In both the named site security as far as online installment subtleties and encryption is kept up (Melin-Gonzlez Bulchand-Gidumal, 2016). Web based life Promotion: so as to maintain an online business effectively, a significant key is the limited time movement of the site (Schwalbe, 2015). Nowadays there are part of social Medias has appeared, as facebook, twitter, linkedin, pinterst, youtube and so on. It is the obligation of the business organizer to pick and execute on these interpersonal interaction locales to elevate their business sites to draw in the same number of clients. Versatile Versions: In the current period, it is critical to any application or site promptly accessible on cell phones or other imparting portable apparatus. The majority of the clients utilize advanced cells, tablets thus it is essential to have the site worked from these devices. In this setting both the associations have kept up this highlights and the office is promptly accessible as versatile forms (Rivard Aubert, 2015). Great Hosting: It is significant for an association to be a decent host in the event of online business administrator. It explains that the sites are required to be refreshed and kept up at an ordinary stretch. There ought to be hundred percent specialized help on the site to the clients just as there should be relative connection accommodated the better help and dependability of the results of the organizations (Xiang, Magnini, Fesenmaier, 2015). If there should arise an occurrence of selected site Binglee, is by all accounts keeping up their site and giving great specialized help with terms of the relative data and subtleties of a few prerequisites. Though Kogan association has additionally appeared to keep up its site in reliable to specialized help and different necessities. In addition, aside from the previously mentioned highlights, a business site needs to eye snappy and alluring in wording to give a decent impression particularly to the first run through clients. Utilization of hues, structures, encryption of information, isolation of item types and so forth ought to be in legitimate substance with the goal that the site becomes easy to use (Cook, et al. 2015). In the event of named site Binglee.com the landing page appears o be very appealing as the hues and structures utilized in the site are more brilliant and eye snappy. The mammoth tab reflecting distinctive special offers has been structured in various hues and designsto make it increasingly gaudy and appealing. One segment of the tab is planned in the red hues and inflatables to streak the deal season for the clients while the other tab is structured in blue and white splendid shading mix to advance the connection game plan of items. The tab has been planned so that any client will get pulled in and experiences the data and subtleties regardless of whether the client was not proposed to. Different tabs of the site reflecting various sorts of apparatuses and devices are structured in light blue shading which is again very appealing as its a brilliant shading and more eye infectious (Xiang, Magnini, Fesenmaier, 2015). Evidently, in the event of the second designated site Kogan.com the plan and shades of landing page is straightforward contrasted with the main selected site. In this site, the planner has utilized pastel hues for the tabs blazing branch of items and brand names while the scrambled names in straightforward dark shading, which appears to be minimal less alluring. The site further gives various tabs of its items according to the division types and brand types blazing the image and names of the items. In contrast with the primary site it doesn't mirror the page exceptionally alluring rather it looks truly dull as the hues utilized in the photos additionally are not more brilliant hues. Henceforth, regardless of whether the organization privides items in less complex and easy to understand way, it may need drawing in new or proposed customers (Brown Gilchrist, 2016). Further, on continuing to the specific items on every one of the selected site, it appears that Binglee is as yet one-stride ahead. On licking the specific item on Binglee.com it flashes that specific item in a greater picture alongside the pertinent data and subtleties. While if there should arise an occurrence of Kogan.com it reflects various alternatives and assortments of that specific item with a littler, picture and subtleties. We can say that the association is giving nitty gritty data and assortment of items however it is a serious longer procedure for clients perspective. In the current conditions, clients are additional efficient searcher as opposed to some other factor henceforth it isn't drawing in clients to click and decide for a specific item over and over (Brown Gilchrist, 2016). It can likewise be expressed that the site of Binglee organization is increasingly compact and organized contrasted with Kogan organization. HCI Design Principles: HCI alludes to the discoveries of human PC communication and direction on its utilization so as to make and plan a site. In the investigation of Information System, there are sure standards directing human PC association on its use and utility (Cook, et al. 2015). Henceforth, both the designated sites, Binglee and Kogan are required to keep up and agree the standards laid as far as HCI in data innovation framework. Learnability Principle: Any association choosing on the web business needs to agree to the learnability p

New Play Plan Essay

1. Is the organization at where it ought to set up a conventional pay structure dependent on a total activity assessment? Why? Indeed, by setting up a conventional compensation structure is by and large reasonable for the workers on the grounds that the pay being paid dependent on the activity task instead of pay the pay dependent on sex. At the point when the compensation structure being reasonable, it drives fulfillment among the representatives and thus the turnover will be at low rate. Plus, the organization likewise can control their budgetary activity by doing spending distribution making arrangements for their business activity. Besides, the proper compensation structure will make the representatives understood on the sum pay for their activity position. Along these lines, it can make simpler to the related chief to do a procedure of pay installment. 2. Is Jack Carter’s strategy of paying 10% more than the common rates a sound one, and how could that be resolved? As a matter of first importance, First of all, as indicated by this case, carter doesn't make any conventional reviews, it is a right activity for Carter. Carter should give more consideration to the prerequisites of representatives for building a conventional compensation arrangement. Furthermore, Carter Company should pay various compensations for various occupation office as opposed to sexual orientation. Thirdly, it can decide a job’s relative worth by work assessment. In any case, Jake has no enough proof for building a compensation arrangement. As we would like to think, Carter may pick work assessment responsibility to guarantee right compensation strategies. To the extent we concerned, Jake Carter’s strategy of paying 10% more than the predominant rates is reasonable. There are five stages for making a balanced compensation plan. Principally, business conducts casual compensation study and formal study. At that point bosses use compensation overview to realize what others are paying. Also, Carter picks work assessment techniques to decide the value of one employment. Thirdly, the organization pays the comparable compensation for comparable employments. Fourthly, Carter can utilize a compensation bend to help dole out compensation rates to each activity. At that point it is anything but difficult to value employments with a pay bend. Ultimately, we realize Carter doesn't create pay ranges. Accordingly, it is significant for creating pay reaches to rouse elite workers. Simultaneously, Carter needs toâ correct off the mark rates. For this situation, we differ that people have diverse pay, it is uncalled for. Consequently, Carter must guarantee that people are paid equivalently for basically a similar work. Jack Carter’s strategy of paying 10% more than the predominant rates a sound one since he accepts that inside the higher installment he could decrease the turnover among the worker and furthermore simultaneously can cultivating the representative steadfastness to association. It could be dictated by giving realities that Jack pays the 10% more to the laborer. Furthermore, it’s especially better, if the installment done to the laborers that are demonstrating the steadfastness to the association. 3. Additionally, is Carter’s male-female differential astute? If not, why not? Our supposition, the appropriate response is no, Carter’s shop doesn't have male-female differential astute. What's more, they are additionally equivalent to their representatives. Since Carter Cleaning Centers don't make a formal and lawful compensation structure to their representatives, and simultaneously Carte Cleaning Centers additionally doesn't utilize a decent compensable elements to their workers, it will make some terrible impacts their representatives and it likewise achieve distinctive treatment. Wages rates depend for the most part on those predominant in the encompassing network. As indicated by the Equal Pay Act of 1963, it necessitates that people who do a similar activity in a similar association ought to get a similar compensation. The term 'same compensation' allude to no distinction is worthy. What's more the law, additionally characterizes that one consider as doing likewise level of occupation on the off chance that they are equivalent in term of aptitudes, exertion, obligation and working condition. Be that as it may, the Equal Pay Act of 1963 incorporates four special cases that permit bosses to pay another sex more than another. A portion of those special cases resemble greater position, better occupation execution, more noteworthy amount or nature of creation and in conclusion certain different elements like paying extra to representatives that working the night move. Back to this contextual analysis, there is no such special cases remembers for the explanation gave by the Jack as to legitimize why he chose to pay 20% more than lady to men laborers. The explanation gave by him is they are more grounded and can buckle down for longer hours and furthermore they all have family to help. This support is the one that can’t be worthy at all if allude to the lawâ and it likewise show segregation towards the female laborer. This is on the grounds that, as indicated by Equal Pay Act 1963, instead of the four exemptions as notice above, female and male laborers ought to get a similar measure of installment on the off chance that they hold a similar activity that are considerably equivalent. What's more, this imprudent choice of Jack Carter’s strategy will bring about many negative impacts, for example, increment in turnover among female specialist, work disappointment. Plus, there will be likewise more contentions so as to get an equivalent compensation rate and ultimately it will prompt an inefficiently result to the association. Question 4: Specifically, what might you propose Jennifer do now concerning her company’s pay plan? For the improvement of the organization, there are a few proposals from us to Jennifer do now concerning her company’s pay plan. More insights regarding the proposal will be talked about in the accompanying section. Initially, in the inquiry 1, we had referenced this point, setting up a conventional compensation structure. In light of this point, for the workers, they will feel all the more reasonable and unambiguous about the amount they can get and it likewise makes the overseeing simpler and all the more plainly for administrators, there are severe sure structure to stay away from the out of line things occur. Second, cause an important proper overview so as to deciding the sum that organization should pay at what sort of employment duties so as to keep away from the mix-up, for example, lopsided characteristics of pay installment. Regardless of what cautious we will be, we additionally would make a few blunders, so review the outcomes are fundamental and significant. For the situation, the organization conducts casual studies among companions and cleaners exchange partners. By doing this, it would lessen the expense and it is useful for getting immense and direct data. In any case, the autonomous data source could give extraordinary dangers to the organization later on. In this manner a conventional review to the representatives is more successful as opposed to casual study so as to get inputs from workers with respect to the compensation framework. Third, about the approach of paying 10% more than the common rates, as an organization, benefit is the main thing. Despite the fact that, this arrangement can cultivate representative dependability, however to the long haul, the workers will habituate this circumstance and can't spurred them to improve. Changing the strategy like remunerating the exceptional representatives with this arrangement, not all, this not exclusively can lessen the expense, yet in addition can rouse workers to get the higher winning rates. Fourth, abrogate the approach of paying men about 20% more than ladies for a similar activity. In spite of the fact that her father’s clarified that men are more grounded and can work more diligently for longer hours, what's more they all have families to help, this approach thought about inclination to the men representatives and obviously it can course disappointment to the ladies workers and they will feel unreasonably treated. In pay framework, it is smarter to have an authority endorsed method on deciding the correct representatives who’s fit the bill to be remunerated on the rewards or compensation addition and it ought to be founded on the workers work execution. Don’t do like that, with respect to someone who try sincerely and better is successful strategy.

How to Manage Growth versus Profit

How to Manage Growth versus Profit Entrepreneurs go into business for various reasons, and the two most common ones are either to make a lot of money from profits or to make the company grow. Some are more focused on making their business grow and expand, while others are more intent on earning profits. There are those, however, that are of the belief that the two goals can actually co-exist; it’s just a matter of managing them together, at the same time. © Shutterstock.com | pogoniciBefore we can get to discussing how such a thing is possible, however, it would be best to understand Growth and Profitability first. In this article, I will start with explaining 1) growth versus profitability, and continue then with 2) how to manage growth versus profit.GROWTH VERSUS PROFITABILITYAs a business owner, what would you prefer? A profitable business, or a growing business? If you compare two businesses, will you immediately conclude that the one with a higher profit margin is the better, or more successful, one? Will you automatically assume that the more profitable business is the one that is better managed?Things are not clear-cut like that.There are two mindsets currently at play here.The Profitability MindsetProfitability is, obviously, the ability of a business to earn a profit, or to have something left after all costs have been deducted from the revenues. The key document that will take center stage here, therefore, is the Income Sta tement, or the Profit and Loss Statement.The profitability mindset clearly has one direction: to maximize profits. Clearly, the downside of this mindset is that it usually ignores the long-term consequences of business decisions that usually revolve on how to increase revenues and lower costsBusinesses that value profitability more than growth are more inclined to have business practices geared towards making profit.Focusing on more profitable itemsThis is most applicable to businesses with a diverse product or service line. There is a need to identify the product lines or product mixes that yield higher revenues, and focus on producing and selling more of them. They generate more money, so the business will naturally have to concentrate more of its sales effort on them. This is also referred to as “up-selling”, or selling the premium products that contribute the most amount to the profit that you are getting from sales.Increase revenuesThe following strategies are often employe d by businesses in order to increase their sales revenues:Reassessing your costing and pricing strategy. Maybe you are pricing your products or services too low. It is advised that you perform a regular review of your pricing, taking into account changes in the marketplace.Apply diversification. Develop new product lines or offer new services that the customers are clamoring for. This can also mean that company should consider “cross-selling”, or offering complementary products alongside their main products. For example, instead of just selling tooth paste, you can also sell tooth brush as a complementary product.Find new customers through market research and marketing. This also means you should find out who your best customers are; in this context, the best customers are those that are most likely to develop loyalty to your products. Many businesses claim that profitability has higher chances of increasing if you focus on your most profitable customers, even if it means that y ou have to let the less profitable customers go.Expand the market you are currently in. When done right, moving into new markets can boost your business’ profitability.Increasing staff productivity. Boost the morale of your workforce in order to encourage them to increase their productivity. This is one way to guarantee that your products and services remain at a high quality.Manage your costsThere are several ways to go about decreasing and managing costs.Managing inventory through controlling stocks. Are you making effective use of your working capital? Reassess your inventory system to see if it is working to your advantage or not.Negotiating for lower or discounted prices with suppliers in order to decrease direct costs. Check if you are getting the best deal from suppliers. You also have to regularly review your supplier base, since there may be new suppliers that offer the same â€" or better â€" quality, at cheaper prices.Putting restrictions on manpower hiring to decrease i ndirect costs. In short, hire only who you need. If you notice some workers having idle time, look for a way to utilize their skills that will still be contributory to your operations.Applying saving or minimizing measures to decrease overhead costs, such as in utilities and power consumption. This also entails evaluating your operating efficiency. Are you getting the most of your space? If there are unused space, are they idle, or could you do something in order to earn from it? The same is true for unused services; are you spending on unused phone lines?Streamline your processes in order to increase efficiency. Perhaps you can even shorten the time it takes to complete one process by combining them or cutting out those that are redundant.The Growth MindsetFirst, we have to define growth. In general terms, it is an increase or development in size, amount, degree, value, or level. In business terms, it refers to the increase in the ability of a business, or an economy as a whole, to produce goods and services.Business owners that have a growth objective look towards revenue and profitability as the primary growth factors; meaning, they look at their revenue and profits in order to ascertain whether they are achieving business growth or not.However, beyond profits and revenues, there are other factors that also indicate business growth, and we will look at some of them.ExpertiseA business should be able to grow its experience and expertise, and these can be seen in its ability to expand its line of products and services. Another would be in how it is able to expand its target market, which is usually accomplished by creating or opening new channels of distribution.The very volatile nature of the market entails business to be able to change or evolve with it. A business that is not able to keep up with the changes in the market cannot be expected to grow since it will essentially be stuck in a rut.Therefore, exercising flexibility is very important. The business es should exhibit a willingness to adapt to the changes. It should be open to trying new things.PerspectiveBeing narrow-minded will get you nowhere, and this also applies in business. The business should practice having a broad perspective so it won’t box itself in a corner. This is essentially more about the business owner and the internal workings of the business, rather than external factors such as the customers and the competitors.There are several ways to ensure that you keep your business perspectives wide: They include attending seminars and actively participating in workshops; acquiring new learning by attending classes or enrolling in formal courses; getting face-time or personal interaction by joining groups of like-minded individuals as well as groups that are all about collaboration and sharing strategies.ReputationMany businesses seem to get by on reputation alone, and there is a lot of truth into this. If you look past the numbers â€" the sales, the profits, the ass ets, the net worth â€" and the only thing that a business will have going on for it is its reputation, or how the market perceives it. Therefore, the business must clearly display an ability to create a solution for the customers or, failing that, to lead them to a solution.When a business sells a new product, customers have zero knowledge about it. Customers will then decide whether or not to try the new product based on what they have heard or read about the business. In short, clients and customers will buy products or avail of services based on a company’s reputation. In the long term, clients and customers will continue to buy products or be loyal in availing the services of a company based on a combination of user experience, quality of the offering, and the reputation of the business. These go hand in hand.How does a business grow its reputation? Of course, the first thing it has to do is to ensure that it offers high-quality products and services. Other activities include the following:Implementing effective marketing campaigns highlighting the products or services offered by the business. These encompass making your business’ presence felt in various media, such as print and broadcast.Being affiliated with accredited and recognized business associations, groups, and similar bodies. An example would be how many business companies obtain recognition from BBB, or the Better Business Bureau, a non-profit organization that focuses on advancing trust in the marketplace.Staying in touch with your customers or clients by conducting surveys and other information drives or campaigns.Just because your business successfully managed to increase its revenue and profits over the years does not automatically mean that your business is growing. There are also other factors at play, and you should pay attention to them if you hope to be able to claim that you have, indeed, achieved business growth.The growth mindset is more focused on generating consistently high l evels of earnings, and they are more inclined to reinvest their earnings in order to continue expansion plans for the business. Of course, you will find this mindset to be followed more by startups or relatively new companies.A Comparison Between the Growth and Profitability MindsetFrom the discussion above, we could easily surmise that the profitability mindset appears to be more short-term oriented than the growth mindset. For lack of a better word, the former seems to be the shallower perspective. A business owner can aim to make profits without giving much thought to the growth of his business, but a growth-oriented business owner cannot hope to have his company growing without taking note of how much revenues or profits it is making.From the point of view of an investor, growth will outweigh profitability every time. True, they will take note of the final figures on the income statement, but they will put more weight on the growth factors exhibited by the business. For them, a business that exhibits growth faster or in greater leaps is more likely to provide them better returns on their investments in the future. Even in this scenario, they are looking at the long term. Thus, more than the income statement, they will scrutinize the cash flow statement more closely, placing more importance on the business being “cash flow positive”.HOW TO MANAGE GROWTH VERSUS PROFITBelieve it or not, growth and profit have a healthy relationship. It is a fact that, in order to make a business grow faster, you also have to make it earn profit faster. The more profitable a business is, the greater are its chances of growing.But interspersed with that healthy tension is a bit of trade-off. Some businesses, in order to make their profits look good, will have to hold back on some of their earnings and not invest them for growth purposes. Or, in contrast, in order to focus on achieving growth objectives, the business will invest its dollars, even if the profits will end up w ay down there. Fortunately, this is a trade-off that is actually manageable. Growth companies can still actually make a profit.So how does one manage growth against profit, striking a balance that will actually pave the way for the coexistence of growth and profitability?Focus on customers’ needs instead of competing head-on.Grow customer benefit in order to grow your business. In simpler terms, give more importance on customer benefit, or the reward that the customers receive from choosing the product or service that your business offers. This is a strategy employed by big names such as IKEA, Home Depot, and Dell. Instead of going up against competitors, they worked on fulfilling what their customers need and want.It is simple, really. If a customer is greatly satisfied with the benefits derived from using a product or service, they will be more willing to spend money on your offerings, adding to your revenue and, ultimately, to your profit margin.To this end, it is important to get to know your customers. Create a database that contains more than adequate information on your customers. But do not just focus on your existing customers. You should also be able to draw information on your competitors’ customers, as well as those that are neither your, nor your competitors’, customers.Come up with a value strategy.Create value for your customers. Deliver perceived high-quality offerings, which means your products or services must be delivered at a competitive price and within the shortest time possible. You should also make sure to deliver them with excellent customer support or service. After all, the best way to establish high customer satisfaction and build a loyal customer base is to create and deliver value.This is why you should know who your customers are. If you understand them, you know what they need or want, and you will be able to produce exactly what they need or want.We have already established that customers will be more willing to spend mon ey on products or services that are deeply rooted in customer benefit. If you provide them high quality or great value, then they are also likely to agree to pay higher prices. They will also be more than happy to recommend your products and services to others, and we are all aware that one of the best forms of advertising is through word-of-mouth.There is one other positive effect to this: you will be able to cut down on your marketing or advertising costs. And you know what lower costs mean: higher profit margin.Grow the market.Focusing on customer benefit will also lead to you growing the market, not just your market share. How is this possible?By learning what your customers need, you will immediately get to work to address those needs and meet their demand. As a result, you are bound to step out of your comfort zone, so that you will now be catering to other parts of the market, not just that specific share of the market that you were originally catering to.For example, a compa ny that originally sells toothpaste and breath fresheners will now venture into the production and distribution of products for teeth whitening and cavity treatment. As a result, the business will also expand to those markets, instead of just the toothpaste and breath freshener users, AND they will also increase their profits.Invest to earn profits.Growth usually means reinvesting what resources you have. In order to earn profit from it, you have to make sure to invest wisely. If the business decides to invest, it should choose its investments wisely. Pick those that will give them a healthy return, whether the investment is short-term or long-term.Profitability and growth need not be independent of each other. More and more businesses are gaining enlightenment with respect to profitable growth. It may take a while for all businesses to get past their narrower mindset and get on the bandwagon, but with enough motivation, drive and commitment, they will get there eventually.

Cultural Values And Cultural Value Orientations - 1439 Words

As we become immersed in our own culture, it can be challenging to grasp the difference in cultural pattern taxonomies orientations of other cultures. Cultural pattern taxonomies has been defined in the textbook, Communication between Cultures, â€Å"as the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.† Cultural value orientation varies among cultures and ultimately affects the way we communicate interpersonally. To better understand the differences as well as the similarities in cultural value orientations, Geert Hofstede’s Values Dimensions have broken down the concept of diverse cultural patterns that explains perceptual and communication differences using 6 categories: individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/ femininity, long-term/short-term orientation, and indulgence/ restraint. The purpose of this analysis is to compare the affect on intercultural communications using the cultural value orientations of New Zealanders and the culture that I identify with, the U.S. American culture. The first of Hofstede’s dimensions deals with power distance. Hofstede’s description of power distance is the degree in which less-superior members of an organization within a country tolerate the unequal distribution of power, for instance, between managerial roles in a company and the employees. New Zealand has a score of 22 in this dimension, which is considered very low. A very low score depicts that equality is a predominant cultural value within theShow MoreRelatedItalian American Cultural Values Based Off Hofstede s Value Orientation1856 Words   |  8 Pagesall regions of Italy, but most of them came from the Southern Italy. 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This study will provide a general idea beyond the basic understanding of ER by comparing individual difference on emotion-related cultural value with regulation strategies. This study focuses on emotion related values based on the Hofstede model of six dimensions of national cultures (power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, long/short term orientation, and indulgence/restraint)Read MoreCultural Orientation Test That You Completed1028 Words   |  5 Pagesthe findings of the cultural orientation test that you completed. How did this help you to understand your own cultural orientation? Taken the cultural orientation test gave me a better understanding of the meaning and concept of cultural orientation. Were there some elements that really made sense to you while others did not? Some elements that really made sense to me was the Feminine culture and High-Context Culture. In our text feminine culture can be explain as values modesty, concern forRead MoreThe Organizational Culture On Workplace Productivity And The Overall Impact On The Organization1500 Words   |  6 Pagesthe overall impact on the organization itself. Cultural Assessment Since the expansion effort includes several different cultural norms, the leadership team must both recognize these unique characteristics and employ their strengths. Utilizing the GLOBE values for societal practices as measured on a seven-point scale, the team can gain valuable insight for assessing these characteristics strengths. 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Late Medieval Period 14th Century British Literature 14th and 15th were period of transition from feudalism to pre-industrial era. A time of political, social and ideological conflicts; England was in war with France (the hundred year war 1337-1453 Edward’s claim to the French throne and attempt to bring England, Gascony and Flanders under unified political control). The defeats in France lead to deepening the internal crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on History of British Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now The decline in agriculture together with the rise in the population resulted in frequent famines and helped the spread during the 14th c. of the â€Å"Black Death†. 381 – The Peasants’ Revolt. Culture: by 15th century England had become a nation with the sense of separate identity and indigenous culture 1362- English became the official language in court and was also used in schools. 14thc. witnessed the first original literary works written in English. Middle English literature English literature of the medieval period, c. 1100 to c. 1500. Background The Norman conquest of England in 1066 traditionally signifies the beginning of 200 years of the domination of French in English letters. French cultural dominance, moreover, was general in Europe at this time. French language and culture replaced English in polite court society and had lasting effects on English culture. But the native tradition survived, although little 13th-century, and even less 12th-century, vernacular literature is extant, since most of it was transmitted orally. Anglo-Saxon fragmented into several dialects and gradually evolved into Middle English, which, despite an admixture of French, is unquestionably English. By the mid-14th cent. , Middle English had become the literary as well as the spoken language of England. The Early Period Several poems in early Middle English are extant. The  Orrmulum  (c. 1200), a verse translation of parts of the Gospels, is of linguistic and prosodic rather than literary interest. Of approximately the same date,  The  Owl and the Nightingale  (see separate article) is the first example in English of the  debat,  a popular continental form; in the poem, the owl, strictly monastic and didactic, and the nightingale, a free and amorous secular spirit, charmingly debate the virtues of their respective ways of life. The Thirteenth Century Middle English prose of the 13th cent. ontinued in the tradition of Anglo-Saxon prose? homiletic, didactic, and directed toward ordinary people rather than polite society. The â€Å"Katherine Group† (c. 1200), comprising three saints’ lives, is typical. The  Ancren Riwle(c. 1200) is a manual for prospective anchoresses; it was very popular, and it greatly influenced the prose of the 13th and 14th cent. The fact that there w as no French prose tradition was very important to the preservation of the English prose tradition. In the 13th cent. the  romance, an important continental narrative verse form, was introduced in England. It drew from three rich sources of character and adventure: the legends of Charlemagne, the legends of ancient Greece and Rome, and the British legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Layamon’s  Brut, a late 13th-century metrical romance (a translation from the French), marks the first appearance of Arthurian matter in English (see  Arthurian legend). Original English romances based upon indigenous material include  King Horn  and  Havelok the Dane, both 13th-century works that retain elements of the Anglo-Saxon heroic tradition. However, French romances, notably the Arthurian romances of  Chretien de Troyes, were far more influential than their English counterparts. In England French romances popularized ideas of adventure and heroism quite contrary to those of Anglo-Saxon heroic literature and were representative of wholly different values and tastes. Ideals of  courtly love, together with its elaborate manners and rituals, replaced those of the heroic code; adventure and feats of courage were pursued for the sake of the knight’s lady rather than for the sake of the hero’s honor or the glory of his tribal king. Continental verse forms based on metrics and rhyme replaced the Anglo-Saxon alliterative line in Middle English poetry (with the important exception of the 14th-century alliterative revival). Many French literary forms also became popular, among them the  fabliau; the exemplum, or moral tale; the animal fable; and the dream vision. The continental allegorical tradition, which derived from classical literature, is exemplified by the  Roman de la Rose, which had a strong impact on English literature. Medieval works of literature often center on a popular rhetorical figure, such as the  ubi sunt,  which remarks on the inevitability? nd sadness? of change, loss, and death; and the  cursor mundi,  which harps on the vanity of human grandeur. A 15,000-line 13th-century English poem, the  Cursor Mundi,  retells human history (i. e. , the medieval version? biblical plus classical story) from the point of view its title implies. A number of 13th-century secular and religious M iddle English lyrics are extant, including the exuberant  Sumer Is Icumen In, but like Middle English literature in general, the  lyric  reached its fullest flower during the second half of the 14th cent. Lyrics continued popular in the 15th cent. from which time the  ballad  also dates. The Fourteenth Century The poetry of the alliterative revival (see  alliteration), the unexplained reemergence of the Anglo-Saxon verse form in the 14th cent. , includes some of the best poetry in Middle English. The Christian allegory  The  Pearl  (see separate article) is a poem of great intricacy and sensibility that is meaningful on several symbolic levels. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,  by the same anonymous author, is also of high literary sophistication, and its intelligence, vividness, and symbolic interest render it possibly the finest Arthurian poem in English. Other important alliterative poems are the moral allegory  Piers Plowman,  attributed to William  Langland, and the alliterative  Morte Arthur,  which, like nearly all English poetry until the mid-14th cent. , was anonymous. The works of Geoffrey  Chaucer  mark the brilliant culmination of Middle English literature. Chaucer’s  The Canterbury Tales  are stories told each other by pilgrims? who comprise a very colorful cross section of 14th-century English society? on their way to the shrine at Canterbury. The tales are cast into many different verse forms and genres and collectively explore virtually every significant medieval theme. Chaucer’s wise and humane work also illuminates the full scope of medieval thought. Overshadowed by Chaucer but of some note are the works of John  Gower. The Fifteenth Century: The 15th cent. is not distinguished in English letters, due in part to the social dislocation caused by the prolonged Wars of the Roses. Of the many 15th-century imitators of Chaucer the best-known are John  Lydgate  and Thomas  Hoccleve. Other poets of the time include Stephen  Hawes  and Alexander  Barclay  and the Scots poets William  Dunbar, Robert  Henryson, and Gawin  Douglas. The poetry of John  Skelton, which is mostly satiric, combines medieval and Renaissance elements. William  Caxton  introduced printing to England in 1475 and in 1485 printed Sir Thomas  Malory’s  Morte d’Arthur. This prose work, written in the twilight of  chivalry, casts the Arthurian tales into coherent form and views them with an awareness that they represent a vanishing way of life. The  miracle play, a long cycle of short plays based upon biblical episodes, was popular throughout the Middle Ages in England. The  morality play, an allegorical drama centering on the struggle for man’s soul, originated in the 15th cent. The finest of the genre is  Everyman. English Society in the 14th Century Summary:    The Canterbury Tales is set in fourteenth-century London, one of the medieval period’s great centers of commerce and culture. In England at this time, society was still very strictly ordered, with the King and nobles having all power in things political and the Catholic Church having all authority in spiritual matters. English Society in the 14th Century The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is recognized as the first book of poetry written in the English language. This is because poetry was often written in Italian or Latin not English, even writers from England wrote in the other languages because English was considered low class and vulgar, but after Chaucer’s writings were published they became a recognized and legitimate work. The Canterbury Tales gives modern readers a good judgment of language in the 14th century as it also gives a rich, elaborated tapestry of medieval social life, combining elements of all classes, from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves. The view of the Canterbury Tales being held up as a precise reflection of English society in the 14th century is significantly correct, because they were very attached to the church and beliefs and the way they all act in the Tales shows how they really were a society of the Church. â€Å"The Canterbury Tales is set in fourteenth-century London, one of the medieval period’s great centers of commerce and culture. In England at this time, society was still very strictly ordered, with the King and nobles having all power in things political and the Catholic Church having all authority in spiritual matters. However, trade and commerce with other nations had expanded dramatically in this century, giving rise to a new and highly vocal middle class comprised of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, and skilled craftsmen. † The story starts with a general prologue that provides a panoramic view of society England begins the period with wars, unrest, and almost chaos; it concludes with a settled dynasty, a reformed religion, and a people united and progressive. England in 1300 was well on the way to rapid expansion. It was rapidly increasing in intellectual and mathematical sophistication. Technically, thanks to water power and the mechanical discoveries that flowed from it, England was in the midst of what many historians call the Medieval Industrial Revolution. One reason there seems to be such a break between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance was that there was in fact a break. The 14th Century was a time of turmoil, diminished expectations, loss of confidence in institutions, and feelings of helplessness at forces beyond human contro. lThe 14th century in Europe was a time of great unrest. This as primarily caused by the outbreak of bubonic plague better known as the Black Death. Another cause were the peasant revolts, and the schism within the Catholic Church. The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is recognized as the first book of poetry written in the English language. This is because poetry was often written in Italian or Latin not English, even writers from England wrote in the other languages because English was considered low class and vulgar, but after Chaucer’s writings were published they became a recognized and legitimate work. The Canterbury Tales gives modern readers a good judgment of language in the 14th century as it also gives a rich, elaborated tapestry of medieval social life, combining elements of all classes,from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves. The view of the Canterbury Tales being held up as a precise reflection of English society in the 14th century is significantly correct, because they were very attached to the church and beliefs and the way they all act in the Tales shows how they really were a society of the Church. Alliterative verse: 8th – 14th century AD The story of English literature begins with the Germanic tradition of the Anglo-Saxon settlers. Beowulfstands at its head. This epic poem of the 8th century is in  Anglo-Saxon, now more usually described as Old English. It is incomprehensible to a reader familiar only with modern English. Even so, there is a continuous linguistic development between the two. The most significant turning point, from about 1100, is the development of Middle English – differing from Old English in the addition of a French vocabulary after the  Norman conquest. French and Germanic influences subsequently compete for the mainstream role in English literature. The French poetic tradition inclines to lines of a regular metrical length, usually linked by rhyme into couplets or stanzas. German poetry depends more on rhythm and stress, with repeated consonants (alliteration) to bind the phrases. Elegant or subtle rhymes have a courtly flavour. The hammer blows of alliteration are a type of verbal athleticism more likely to draw applause in a hall full of warriors. Both traditions achieve a magnificent flowering in England in the late 14th century, towards the end of the Middle English period. Piers Plowmanand  Sir Gawainare masterpieces which look back to Old English. By contrastChaucer, a poet of the court, ushers in a new era of English literature. Piers Plowman and Sir Gawain: 14th century AD Of these two great English alliterative poems, the second is entirely anonymous and the first virtually so. The narrator of  Piers Plowmancalls himself Will; occasional references in the text suggest that his name may be Langland. Nothing else, apart from this poem, is known of him. Piers Plowman exists in three versions, the longest amounting to more than 7000 lines. It is considered probable that all three are by the same author. If so he spends some twenty years, from about 1367, adjusting and refining his epic creation. Piers the ploughman is one of a group of characters searching for Christian truth in the complex setting of a dream. Though mainly a spiritual quest, the work also has a political element. It contains sharply observed details of a corrupt and materialistic age (Wycliffe  is among Langland’s English contemporaries). Where  Piers Plowman  is tough and gritty,  Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(dating from the same period) is more polished in its manner and more courtly in its content. The characters derive partly fromArthurian legend. A mysterious green knight arrives one Christmas at the court of King Arthur. He invites any knight to strike him with an axe and to receive the blow back a year later. Gawain accepts the challenge. He cuts off the head of the green knight, who rides away with it. The rest of the poem concerns Gawain, a year later, at the green knight’s castle. In a tale of love (for the green knight’s wife) and subsequent eceit, Gawain emerges with little honour. The green knight spares his life but sends him home to Arthur’s court wearing the wife’s girdle as a badge of shame. Geoffrey Chaucer at court: AD 1367-1400 In 1367 one of four new ‘yeomen of the chamber’ in the household of Edward III is Geoffrey Chaucer, then aged about twenty- seven. The young man’s wife, Philippa, is already a lady-in-waiting to the queen. A few years later Chaucer becomes one of the king’s esquires, with duties which include entertaining the court with stories and music. There can rarely have been a more inspired appointment. Chaucer’s poems are designed to be read aloud, in the first instance by himself. Their range, from high romance to bawdy comedy, is well calculated to hold the listeners spellbound. Courtly circles in England are his first audience. Chaucer’s public career is one of almost unbroken success in two consecutive reigns. He undertakes diplomatic missions abroad on behalf of the king; he is given administrative posts, such as controlling the customs, which bring lodgings and handsome stipends. Even occasional disasters (such as being robbed twice in four days in 1390 and losing ? 0 of Richard II’s money) do him no lasting harm. A measure of Chaucer’s skill as a courtier is that during the 1390s, when he is in the employment ofRichard II, he also receives gifts at Christmas from Richard’s rival, Bolingbroke. When Bolingbroke unseats Richard II in 1399, taking his place on the throne as  Henry IV, Chaucer combines diplomacy and wit to secure his position. Having lost his royal appointments, he reminds the new king of his predicament in a poem entitled ‘The Complaint of Chaucer to his Empty Purse’. The last line of each verse begs the purse to ‘be heavy again, or else must I die’. Henry IV hears the message. The court poet is given a new annuity. Henry is certainly aware that he is keeping in his royal circle a poet of great distinction. Chaucer’s reputation is such that, when he dies in the following year, he is granted the very unusual honour – for a commoner – of being buried in Westminster abbey. Troilus and Criseyde: AD 1385 Chaucer’s first masterpiece is his subtle account of the wooing of Criseyde by Troilus, with the active encouragement of Criseyde’s uncle Pandarus. The tender joys of their love affair are followed by Criseyde’s betrayal and Troilus’s death in battle. Chaucer adapts to his own purposes the more conventionally dramatic account of this legendary affair written some fifty years earlier byBoccaccio(probably read by Chaucer when on a mission to Florence in 1373). His own very long poem (8239 lines) is written in the early 1380s and is complete by 1385. Chaucer’s tone is delicate, subtle, oblique – though this does not prevent him from introducing and gently satirising many vivid details of life at court, as he guides the reader through the long psychological intrigue by which Pandarus eventually delivers Troilus into Criseyde’s bed. The charm and detail of the poem, giving an intimate glimpse of a courtly world, is akin to the delightful miniatures which illustrate books of hours of this period in the style known asInternational Gothic. Yet this delicacy is only one side of Chaucer’s abundant talent – as he soon proves in  The Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales: AD 1387-1400 Collections of tales are a favourite literary convention of the 14th century. Boccaccio’sDecameron  is the best-known example before Chaucer’s time, but Chaucer inThe Canterbury Tales  outshines his predecessors. He does so in the range and vitality of the stories in his collection, from the courtly tone of ‘The Knight’s Tale’ to the rough and often obscene humour of those known technically as  fabliaux. He does so also in the detail and humour of the framework holding the stories together. His account of the pilgrims as they ride from London to Canterbury, with their constant bickering and rivalry, amounts to a comic masterpiece in its own right. The pilgrims, thirty of them including Chaucer himself, gather one spring day at the Tabard in Southwark. The host of the inn, Harry Bailly, is a real contemporary of Chaucer’s (his name features in historical records). He will act as their guide on the route to Canterbury and he proposes that they pass the time on their journey by telling stories. Each pilgrim is to tell two on the way out and two on the way back. Whoever is judged to have told the best tale will have a free supper at the Tabard on their return. Of this ambitious total of 120 stories, Chaucer completes only 24 by the time of his death. Even so the collection amounts to some 17,000 lines – mainly of rhyming verse, but with some passages of prose. The pilgrims represent all sections of society from gentry to humble craftsmen (the only absentees are the labouring poor, unable to afford a pilgrimage of this kind). There are respectable people from the various classes – such as the knight, the parson and the yeoman – but the emphasis falls mainly on characters who are pretentious, scurrilous, mendacious, avaricious or lecherous. The pilgrims are vividly described, one by one, in Chaucer’sPrologue. The relationships between them evolve in the linking passages between the tales, as Harry Bailly arranges who shall speak next. The pilgrims for the most part tell tales closely related to their station in life or to their personal character. Sometimes the anecdotes even reflect mutual animosities. The miller gives a scurrilously comic account of a carpenter being cuckolded. Everyone laughs heartily except the reeve, who began his career as a carpenter. The reeve gets his own back with an equally outrageous tale of the seduction of a miller’s wife and daughter. But the pilgrim who has most delighted six centuries of readers is the five-times-married Wife of Bath, taking a lusty pleasure in her own appetites and richly scorning the ideals of celibacy. How to cite History of British Literature, Papers

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